Two Minds Blog

Antidepressant medications are one way to address symptoms of depression. They certainly aren't the only way, with psychotherapy having equivalent benefits in most cases, and exercise outperforming both of these options. I have also taken issue in the past with the way that antidepressants' beneficial effects have created a "brain disease" narrative around depression, which is about how we feel and behave more than it's about the way our brains are wired -- a functional problem rather than a structural one. Still, I recognize that antidepressants are lifesaving for many people, and I would never give blanket advice to suggest that people shouldn't take them. Some folks in the popular media right now are doing just that. The question of whether or not it was a good idea to take antidepressants was common in the early 1990s, when Eli Lilly's new medication fluoxetine (Prozac) had revolutionized the neurochemical treatment of depression. The book Listening ...

I recently came across a book by Professor Gilly Salmon titled  eModerating: The Key to Teaching and Learning Online , published in the year 2000. I was just getting started as a college instructor that fall, and wouldn't dabble in online education for a few years more. Over the years I have attended my share of workshops about e-learning, online education, technology-assisted teaching, massive open online courses, micro-credentials, and whatever else was the buzzword of the day. A lot of what's in the book feels quaint at this point (teach your students that in online culture, capital letters suggest SHOUTING!). But there's a chapter toward the end that felt almost prophetic, in which the author identifies four potential futures for online teaching and learning: 1. On Planet Contentous , "content is king." Information flows from experts to novices, content-oriented online courses can have thousands of learners simultaneously (MOOCs, anyone?) and technology is ju...

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  defines a "belief" as "the attitude we have, roughly, whenever we take something to be the case or regard it as true. ... Most contemporary philosophers characterize belief as a 'propositional attitude,' [where] propositions are generally taken to be whatever it is that sentences express. For example ... 'snow is white.'" Beliefs, then, (a) are expressed in language, (b) refer to some specific contents such as "snow," and (c) express some truth about those contents. The truth need not be an empirical statement about the world -- propositions such as "x is the square root of x-squared" are also beliefs under this definition even when there is no empirical referent for "x." Beliefs can be about a single thing, or about the relationships between things, in which case they might or might not be expressed as formal rules: e.g., "every bird has wings." Language, representation...

  I have written previously about the link between exercise and mood, including the consistent research finding that aerobic exercise is just as effective in treating depression as either psychotherapy or medication. This week, I'm excited to share a new multi-national research collaboration that I was able to participate in, looking at the mood-exercise linkage in a different way.  In our  just-published article , a German research team conducted a within-person meta-analysis, meaning that they merged raw data from 69 different studies across 14 countries to draw overall conclusions. Each of these studies (including one of mine ) measured exercise parameters using an accelerometer -- either a research-grade device like Actigraph, or a commercial-grade tracker such as a Fitbit, AppleWatch, or Garmin wristband. Each of the studies also collected daily survey data on a measure of mood or subjective well-being. The combination of daily exercise tracking with daily survey da...

When I'm not reading psychology or history, I gravitate toward sci-fi and fantasy works (as you might have surmised from my March 2026 posts about telepathy and mind uploading). A writer whose work consistently feeds my inner geek is Brandon Sanderson, author of the Mistborn  and Stormlight Archive  series, as well as the Alcatraz versus the Evil Librarians books that my daughter enjoyed in elementary school, and for those of us of a certain age, also the completer of Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time . In addition to his excellent novels, Mr. Sanderson has developed quite a large side hustle selling Sanderverse-themed merchandise , hosting his own annual convention , and other ancillary businesses. But something that I have always admired is his willingness to give some of his work away -- early on, in the form of a "free sample" novel for people to discover whether they liked him, and a blog where he would write about his own writing process. More recently, he announced...

Before psychology, and still concurrent with it, the need to help people with their behavior-change endeavors, mental health concerns, and other problems in living was met by the world’s great religions. For many people religions still serve this purpose, often outside the Western scientific view that considers them unfalsifiable and therefore irrelevant. This scientific myopia means that psychology has a limited perspective on behavior-change practices of religious derivation -- since the time of William James's Varieties of Religious Experience , religion hasn't been considered a respectable area of study. (Interestingly, we have better data about non-Western practices like yoga and meditation, which have been studied in ways cut off from their religious origins. It is mainly Christianity that was seen as outside the purview of scientific comment). One traditional practice common to many religions is the pilgrimage , a journey from home to a distant location in order to view...