Two Minds Blog

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New Evidence Supporting TMT as an Explanation for Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management Success

I have written previously about how the Intuitive Mind affects type 1 diabetes (T1D) self-management, for example based on people's situational awareness of changes in their own blood sugar as they occur. In one prior study, our team found that Intuitive-level variables such as motivation and social perception (based on a daily survey) were related to successful daily blood sugar control (based on time-in-range [TIR], a commonly used metric from continuous glucose monitoring [CGM]) among adolescents with T1D. I also wrote about my own experience trying a CGM for 2 weeks, which did seem to result in increased situational awareness. In another study, we found that adolescents' proactive use of a hybrid closed-loop system (pictured above), which incorporates an insulin pump and a dosing algorithm together with a CGM, resulted in better TIR results than when people waited for the technology to tell them what to do. Specifically, adolescents who looked at their CGM readout l...

Is Neuroscience Compatible with Free Will?

I've tackled this question on occasion before, but it keeps coming up -- largely due to AI models that create human-like outputs and can effectively pass the Turing Test . Despite their complexity, modern large-language models (LLMs) are wholly deterministic and can therefore be understood in terms of mechanistic cause and effect: Put in this exact input, put it through these steps, and you get that specific output, 100% of the time. For the last couple of years, people have been talking about "generative AI" as though it was non-deterministic , but researchers at Cornell University in 2025 proved that this was false . You can in fact work backwards from an AI output to the prompt that was used to generate it. The idea at one time was that generative AI was "creative" because it assigned probability-based weights to various outputs and selected the most likely one. But the new research shows that if you tightly control inputs, you do always get the same output, ...

Some Things That AI Probably Shouldn't Do

I'm on record endorsing the use of AI by students to improve the quality of their writing and their thinking, but also expressing concern about the potential for autonomous AI to end civilization! So what's the deal here? Am I for AI or against it? As in many areas of life, the answer is "it depends ...". In this blog post, I will look at some things that AI probably should not be doing for us, which might help to delineate the areas in which it can be more beneficial. Let's start with ethics. Although some techno-futurists have argued that AI will eventually be better at knowing what's good for us than we are ourselves, a recent report showed that a "robo-ethicist" using large language models (LLM) showed notable flaws in its reasoning. LLMs' ethics were consistently more influenced by utilitarian thinking (do what causes the least harm or the most benefit in this specific situation) than by reasoning from first principles (Kant's id...

2025 Two Minds Blog in Review

My main purpose in writing this blog has always been to continue exploring the reasons behind health behavior. I often say in talks about my theory that the question "why don't people take their medication?" led me naturally to the question "why do people do anything ?" In pursuit of that question, I had several blog posts this year on health behavior theory: a post on Lazarus and Folkman's theory of stress and coping ; a post on self-determination theory , which has become entwined in the literature with motivational interviewing techniques; a post on Leventhal's dual-process model of cognition and emotion, which was a source for Two Minds Theory; and a look at new developments in a popular health-behavior theory that I had previously critiqued, the theory of planned behavior . I was also pleased to share a guest post by my colleague Dr. Britt Ritchie, who shared an example of Two Minds Theory in her evolving understanding of her own public-speaking a...

Acrimony about Empathy

One of this year's most shocking developments has been a political fight over empathy -- yes, that empathy -- with serious people disagreeing on whether empathy is a positive or negative force in the course of human affairs. Early in 2025, Vice President Vance invoked a Catholic doctrine called the ordo amoris ("order of love") to argue that our moral duty extends more directly to our immediate friends and family than to people who are more distant in terms of race, religion, geography, or nationality. This drew a direct rebuke from then- Pope Francis I , who argued that the Vice President had misunderstood St. Augustine's writings on the topic. The Pope wrote a defense of unlimited empathy based on the Parable of the Good Samaritan, discovered "by meditating on the love that builds a fraternity open to all, without exception." The Pope's message specifically took issue with new U.S. policies using increased force to target immigrants as criminals an...

How Our Technology Changes Us

The pace of technological change continues unabated, and many conversations turn to concerns about how our use of technology might be changing us humans in return. I wrote earlier this year about Jonathan Haidt's analysis of the ways in which two specific technologies -- smartphone and social media apps -- can have negative school or mental health consequences for adolescents. At a recent meeting of scholars on a journal's editorial board, my colleagues and I debated what uses of AI might be allowable versus not during the writing of a scientific article. And I wrote about risks that can occur when people use AI models as a companion or a counselor, tasks that it isn't always good at. In a recent book titled Jung vs. Borg (in which "Jung" is Carl the analytical psychiatrist, and "Borg" is the resistance-is-futile cyborg collective from Star Trek ), Glen Slater argues that technology can have negative effects on us in four areas: Loss of connection to ...